If you are going to need multiple filters and you have a lot of columns, Excel will be your best bet as far as speed and maintenance go.
If you are talking about handful of columns, you may be able to handle it with tags but even the date potion would be not so consistent to track. Like you can go with created dates sorting in Evernote, or create tags for Months, Days etc. For certain outcomes, certain products are just meant for those purposes. A large database kind of data with columns and filtering needs really belong to Excel, Numbers, Access etc.
If you wanted the combine the two, Excel and Evernote, I would probably make notes about each conversation and then copy that note link to a cell in Excel corresponding to the entry. This way I can still filter, sort in Excel based on multiple criteria but if I wanted to get more info about that call, for example the linkedin profile photo of the person or other things I capture in that note, then I click on the hyperlink.
Finally, I would keep the Excel note within Evernote as an attachment, so it will available to you no matter what device or where you are. A cloud service with a link in Evernote to that file would work too.