I'm on Windows - the Evernote App (for Windows) is installed and I guess uptodate, but not running. The browser (Firefox) is uptodate.
Wenn clicking the above mentioned link (same format, but I guess/hoep different content, i.e. pointing to a note of mine), its from browser side changed to "https://www.evernote.com/redirect?_h=https://www.evernote.com/shard/<more data containing also forward slashed>" and no request to open the installed windows app. Reloading the pages gives then a different behaviour - showing the "continue with" Screen. The first option (i.e switching to the App) does not react, but the second option (i.e. continuing in the web browser) then works.
In past times that worked all very well and I do not see, why this is a legacy problem not under support.