I'm experiencing a similar issue on macOS (not iOS):
macOS Catalina 10.15.7
Evernote v 10.4.4 build 2096
Editor: v 112.1.14477
Service: v 1.23.6
The workaround is to right-click the image and choose Save As, then copy from Preview or any other image app, then copy-paste from there, but I'm noticing another issue:
Images retain their extensions if they are saved to Evernote post-update (in this case .png):
But images saved to Evernote prior to the latest update just uses an extension-less "Untitled" as the name, in which I'd have to go into Finder and rename it to "Untitled.png" to have to open in Preview: