More explicitly:
The note starts out as version A. The computer has synced with it and the phone has synced with it.
Monday the note is edited on the phone, producing version B. This edit appears when the note is opened on any other phone that the note is shared with.
Tuesday the app is opened on the Windows 10 PC using the Evernote app for Windows. The note is opened. It is version A. The user makes a minor edit. This produces version A2. Now all devices that the note is shared with see only version A2. All the edits that produced version B have been irretrievably lost.
Unless you have premium, I guess. But Evernote isn't supposed to be ransomware, is it?